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Dangers of Nuclear Weapons By: James Huang, Joshua Yohannan, Shivam Vyas Table of Contents: 1) Introduction Photo gallery 2) Brief History 3) **Dangers** 4) How do nuclear weapons Work? 5) What you can do 6) Opinions? 7) Destruction Photo Gallery 8) Related Video Links 9) Works Cited

" I want you to understand, if only a little, the horror of nuclear weapons" -Sumiteru Taniguchi, Nagasaki survivor



Above The nuclear bomb cloud coming from the Nagasaki bombing. Above: Fat man atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki. Far Right: Atomic Bomb explosion simulation.

Brief History:

During the 1930's, many scientists solved the secrets behind uranium fission. During the early years of WWII, many Americans thought Hitler and Nazi Germany would be the first to discover and create the first nuclear weapon. Many feared Germany would use this new destructive weapon against any country that get in its way for world domination. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 made millions of Americans furious. As a result, The Manhattan Project was formed. This project was a research and development program that led to the creation of the first Atomic bomb. On July 14, 1945, the Manhattan project tested the world's first nuclear bomb in Trinity site, New Mexico. Less than a month later, the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, were bombed on August 6th and August 9th, 1945, respectively. These two bombs were the first nuclear bomb used in war and used intentionally to kill humans. Throughout the cold war, the United States and the Soviet Union competed with each other to see who could produce the most destructive nuclear bombs. These countries kept a close eye on each other for years, having nuclear weapons ready to attack. This led to the fear for millions of Americans that the Soviet Union would one day attack the United States with nuclear weapons. In the 1970's, SALT l and ll were formed. SALT, which stands for Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty, allowed the United States and Soviet Union to negotiate and officially ban nuclear weapons. Today, some countries do contain nuclear weapons, however, the use of them are highly discouraged or otherwise banned.


 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">United States — 9400
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Russia — 13,000
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">United Kingdom — 160
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">France — 300
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">China — 186
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">India — 60–70
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Pakistan — 60
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Israel — 80
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">North Korea — 1–10
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">**Total — 23,330 Nuclear Weapons Existing**

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 160%;">**Dangers:**

<span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">Nuclear Weapons post a huge threat to the world. In fact, the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in August <span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">of 1945 killed over 140,000 innocent lives. Atomic bombs, when used, create a radioactive, poisonous reigon. The closer <span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">an individual is to the epicenter of a nuclear bomb, the more hazardous the reaction.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Hazard 1 ( Direct Damage to Human Body): During the bombing of Hiroshima, anyone within the vicinity of 3 or 4 miles of the epicenter were completely vaporized. They could not feel anyone pain;the bodies were burned before nerve cells could signal the brain. Also, anyone near this zone died shortly after or experienced extreme pain for months, days, or even YEARS. Years of suffering and pain experienced by thousands of <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">individuals due to the cause of one nuclear bomb. For this reason, nuclear bombs were eliminated.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The Human Body reacting to Nuclear Weapons:

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Hair- Immediately from the blast, human hair clumps together and falls off the scalp after 200 rems or higher of radiation.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Brain- Since the brain is protected by the skin and skull, it takes 5,000 rems or higher of radiation in order to severely damage. Once <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">radiation is exposed to the brain, radiation kills all nerve cells and vital blood vessels. Seizures and immediate death follow.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Eye- The brightness and thermal output of nuclear weapon explosion causes injury to the eye. The most common eye injury is known as flash blindness; it is a temporary condition where the visual pigment of the retina is bleached out by intense light.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Heart- At 1000 rems or higher of radiation, small blood vessels stop functioning and heart failure occurs shortly after.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Sterility- Nuclear radiation from weapons can causes damage to the reproductive systems of men and women.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Photos of nuclear weapons on the body:

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Caption: A photo of a women in a kimono Caption: A man with cancerous tumors from radiaton. Caption: Radiation destroying the skin. with severe skin injury.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Dosage:


 * ~ <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Dose-rem ||~ <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Effects ||
 * > <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">5-20 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Late affects occur; Possible chromosomal damage ||
 * > <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">20-100 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">White blood cells temporarily reduced ||
 * > <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">100-200 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Mild radiation sickness within a few hours: vomiting, fatigue, diarrhea; resistance to infection decreased ||
 * > <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">200-300 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Serious radiation sickness effects as in 100-200 rem range. Hemorrhage; exposure is a Lethal Dose to 10-35% of the population after 30 days (LD 10-35/30). ||
 * > <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">300-400 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Radiation sickness becomes serious; also intestine and bone marrow destruction; LD 50-70/30. ||
 * > <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">400-1000 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Acute illness, death comes early; LD 60-95/30. ||
 * > <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1000-5000 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Acute illness, death comes within a few days; LD 100/10. ||

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Hazard 2 (Radioactive destruction/waste): Nuclear bombing completely destroys everything around the epicenter for at least 5 to 10 miles. This huge destruction contains radioactive poison. Not only do they kill humans, but they harm the environment as well. Radioactive waste must <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">be isolated from humans and made sure that they are exposed of correctly. Also, the radioactive waste converts to a rock like form; rocks like these last for at least 1 billion years. Therefore, poisonous radioactive waste remains in the rock for this long period of time. As this waste builds up, it can only be transported; waste will not be destroyed for at least billions of years!

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Hazard 3 (Contamination of Water): Radioactive poisonous substances that were exposed in Hiroshima and Nagasaki completely polluted the rivers.This pollution of what was natural clean water became poisonous for not only a water source for humans, but for other organisms as well. This lethal poison remains in the water for billions of years until it is cleaned and exposed of properly. Also, healthy ecosystems are destroyed by nuclear weapons as well.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Hazard 4 (Contamination of Ozone Layer): The super high temperature of the fireball caused from the nuclear weapon explosion followed by the rapid cooling causes large amounts of nitrogen oxides to be released (related to combustion engines). Each megaton yields at least 5,000 nitrogen oxides. Series of nuclear of massive nuclear atmospheric explosions could completely wipe out or deplete the ozone layer.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">Hazard 5 (Genetic Effects): Radiation from a nuclear bomb can cause genetic problems. The radiation damages reproductive organs <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> and causes mutations. These mutations can be passed down through a long series of generations. This genetic variability causes disorders to the descendants of those who were directly affected.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">Hazard 6 (Underground Disposal): The hazardous radioactive waste coming from nuclear weapons have been a debated problem. First of all, some amounts of radioactive waste are disposed of underground in huge tanks. As many as 42 of 177 tanks are used to store nuclear waste. There are high chances that an accident occurs causing these tanks to burst. Once burst, the hazardous waste comes in contact with the rocks, poisoning them and earth's outer crust.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">Hazard 7 (Sound Pollution): The intense sound from a nuclear weapon bomb can cause intense sound waves that cause pollution.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">Hazard 8 (Surface Burst Pollution): A surface burst pollution occurs when an explosion caused by a detonated weapon creates a fireball <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">that touches the land and water surface. All of these lands are affected by the initial blast, thermal radiation, and the nuclear radiation. <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">The land surrounding the area affected causes a huge hazard.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">Hazard 9 (Air burst pollution, also known as high altitude pollution): The initial explosion from the bomb causes huge smoke that bellows from the fireball. This causes the pollution of air, and eventually, the ozone layer. For more information on the damages of the ozone layer, please read Hazard 4.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">Hazard 10 (Sub-surface pollution): A sub-surface pollution occurs when the explosion destroys underground rock as well as the surface and the air. Craters are normally formed. This causes a shock wave to the ground as well as the areas below it. In the shallow underground areas, thermal, as well as blast shock will be present.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">Hazard 11 (Plutonium pollution): When the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki exploded, huge amounts of deadly plutonium was released. When <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">the plutonium is associated with a fire, the plutonium can burn (combustion reaction), causing radioactive plutonium-oxide particles, which can be <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">fatal to humans in come in contact with the body. Also, detonation of super explosive components in nuclear weapons can pulverize plutonium and turn it into super small particles. These smaller particles are capable of contaminating a larger surface area.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">Hazard 12 (Blast Damage): The resulting nuclear blast from the bomb destroys human civilization. For example, hundreds of homes and buildings <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">were completely destroyed. Below is a blast damage chart that explains how deadly the waves coming from a blast can be.

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<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">Hazard 13 (Accidents): The United States has conducted a series of nuclear weapon accidents. These include incidents in Savannah Georgia, Atlantic City New Jersey, Goldsboro North Carolina, as well as off the coast of Okinawa. Luckily, the explosive system of the fission weapon became discharged. Thus, the nuclear chain reaction was not triggered.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px;">Hazard 14 (Political Tensions): Nuclear weapons can cause political tensions between countries. For example, <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">the United States and the Soviet Union had broken relationships due to these weapons. Learn more about this <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">at the history section above.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Hazard 15 (Animals/Ecosystem): Radiation completely destroys the homes of not only humans, but animals as well. Some animals, <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">native to a certain region, can be completely wiped out by nuclear weapons.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 21px; line-height: 31px;">How do nuclear weapons work? Science behind it all! **

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; line-height: 31px;">An atomic bomb, which is a nuclear weapon, works in a very complex way. First of all, the detonation of the atomic bomb releases <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">a nuclear chain reaction. This reaction releases huge amounts of energy compared to smaller TNT explosives. Per volume unit, <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">the atomic bomb is millions or even billions of times powerful than other bombs. Nuclear reactions in an atomic bomb occurs when neutrons are fired <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">at densely, closely packed together atoms. These tight atoms contain heavy nuclei (an example is uranium and plutonium, both of which <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">were used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively). When the neutrons come in contact with the dense packed atoms, they bombard <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">the nuclei, creating a chain reaction. This is also known as fission. Due to the breaking apart of the nuclei themselves <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">rather than releasing energy by a conventional bomb, the atomic bomb can release more than 80 TERAjoules of energy <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">per kilogram.

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 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 21px;">What you can do: **

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">In order to keep yourself safe, you can learn more about nuclear weapons and the dangers that come with them. <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Many websites online provide further information on nuclear weapons. You can financially donate or visit their sites. <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">The following are a list of organizations to visit:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Nuclear Information and Resource Service <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Greenpeace <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Nuclear Control Institute <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">Plutonium Free Future <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">North European Nuclear Information Group <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%;">World Information Service on Energy

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 27px;">Opinions: The nuclear bomb is an unnecessary weapon that can be used for war or other purposes. Nothing good ever comes out of the use of nuclear bombs. From what I have seen, only bad things have come out of the uses for nuclear bombs. Take the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for example. Over 200,000 people died in the two explosions just from two bombs. I think all of the nuclear weapons have got to stop being made and the ones already made have to be destroyed. The only thing nuclear weapons can do is bring sadness to the people of the world. -- Joshua Yohannan

The nuclear bomb poses many threats to society. The cons outnumber the pros by a large number. The nuclear bomb has only been used twice in history, both by the united states inflicting large damages to Japan. Nuclear weapons should not exist due to the fact, that with so many in existence. Even if one got in the wrong hands something terrible could happen. They must be wiped of the surface of the Earth. -Shivam Vyas

Nuclear weapons in general are unnecessary, as they not only physically destroy and harm earth, but they also cause political tensions. Nuclear bombs threaten human society. Over 200,000 innocent lives were taken by the nuclear bomb. Nuclear weapons should not be used at all. When used, they destroy whole cities, ecosystems, harm our ozone layer, and harm us as well. - James Huang <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 210%;">Photo Gallery:

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<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Caption: A Nagasaki temple is destroyed. As you can see, the Caption: Researchers examining Hiroshima after the attack. <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">whole vicinity of Nagasaki is wiped out.

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"> <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Caption: The route taken by the Enola Gay and Bookscar Caption: Downtown Hiroshima after the attack. <span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">on the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

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<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Caption: Downtown Hiroshima before the bombing. Caption: Computer Generated Image of what Nuclear Weapons can do!

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 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Caption: Hiroshima after the bombing. Caption: Fireball from the first nuclear explosion in New Mexico. **

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Caption: The only building standing in Hiroshima after the bombing. Caption: Little Boy Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.



Caption: The marked area of ground zero in Nagasaki.

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 160%;">Learn More: Related Video Links

<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">[|Nuclear Weapons: Visual Timeline]

[|Hiroshima Bomb]

[|Nagasaki Bomb]

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 21px;">Works Cited

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">"Nuclear weapons." //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline;">World of Physics //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. Gale, 2007. //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gale Science In Context //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. Web. 4 Feb. 2012.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">"Nuclear weapons." //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Gale Encyclopedia of Science //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale, 2011. //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gale Science In Context //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">. Web. 4 Feb. 2012.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Sublette, Carey. "Effects of Nuclear Explosions." //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">The Nuclear Weapon Archive - A Guide to Nuclear Weapons //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">. May-June 1997. Web. 04 Feb. 2012. <http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq5.html>.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">"Environmental Hazards of Nuclear Weapons Industry." //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">IdeaConnection: Solve Your Open Innovation Challenges. //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;"> Web. 04 Feb. 2012. <http://www.ideaconnection.com/solutions/1409-Environmental-hazards-of-nuclear-weapons-industry.html>.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Pike, John. "Nuclear Weapon Effects." //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Federation of American Scientists //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">. Oct.-Nov. 1998. Web. 04 Feb. 2012. <http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/effects.htm>.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">"Health Effects and the Nuclear Age." //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Reaching Critical Will //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">. Web. 04 Feb. 2012. <http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/technical/factsheets/health.html>.